Soil & Water Res., 2017, 12(2):86-95 | DOI: 10.17221/16/2016-SWR

Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in sediments of the northern part of mangrove in Hara Biosphere Reserve, Qeshm Island (Persian Gulf)Original Paper

Rezvan ZAREZADEH*,1, Peyman REZAEE1, Razyeh LAK2, Mehdi MASOODI1, Mansoor GHORBANI1
1 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbás, Iran
2 Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Geological Survey, Tehran, Iran

The mangrove of Hara Biosphere Reserve, stretching over 100 thousand hectares in the southern coast of Iran and in the northwest of Qeshm Island, belongs to the most important and largest mangroves in the Middle East. Twenty sedimentary samples were collected and concentrations of seven heavy metals were investigated in order to assess the extent of pollution distribution in this area and to discuss the origin of these contaminants in sediments. The mean heavy metal concentrations followed the scheme: Fe > Cr > Ni > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. Based on the geo-accumulation index, the Fe, Pb, Zn, and Cu levels were graded as non-contamination, the levels of Cr and Ni as non-contamination to moderate contamination, while those of Cd as moderate contamination to moderate to heavy contamination. According to the enrichment factor and quantification of contamination calculations, Cu, Pb, and Zn were derived mainly from natural processes and exposure of material from the Earth's crust, while the increased values of Cd, Ni, and Cr were ascribed to anthropogenic activities. The ecological risk of heavy metals was moderate, largely due to Cd contamination. The elevated values identified for Cd, Ni, and Cr are supposingly associated with activities including human refuse, shipping, transportation, fuel smuggling, and industrial wastewater discharges from factories located around Hara Biosphere Reserve (e.g. Al-Mahdi aluminum factory, lead and zinc Qeshm factory, and Hormozgan cement factory).

Keywords: anthropogenic; contamination; ecological risk; pollution; sediments

Published: June 30, 2017  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
ZAREZADEH R, REZAEE P, LAK R, MASOODI M, GHORBANI M. Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in sediments of the northern part of mangrove in Hara Biosphere Reserve, Qeshm Island (Persian Gulf). Soil & Water Res. 2017;12(2):86-95. doi: 10.17221/16/2016-SWR.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Adami G., Barbieri P., Reisenhofer E. (2000): An improved index for monitoring metal pollutants in surface sediments. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 77: 189-197. Go to original source...
    2. Adamo P., Arienzo M., Imperato M., Naimo D., Nardi G., Stanzione D. (2005): Distribution and partition of heavy metals in surface and sub-surface sediments of Naples city port. Chemosphere, 61: 800-809. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Akoto O., Bruce T., Darko G. (2008): Heavy metals pollution profiles in streams serving the Owabi Reservoir. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2: 354-359.
    4. Asaah V.A., Abimbola A.F., Suh C.E. (2006): Heavy metal concentrations and distribution in surface soils of the Bassa industrial zone 1, Douala, Cameroon. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 31: 147-158.
    5. Dehghani M., Farshchi P., Danekar A., Karami M., Aleshikh A. (2010): Recreation value of Hara Biosphere Reserve using willingness-to-pay method. International Journal of Environmental Research, 4: 271-280.
    6. El-Said G.F., Youssef D.H. (2013): Ecotoxicological impact assessment of some heavy metals and their distribution in some fractions of mangrove sediments from Red sea, Egypt. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185: 393-404. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. García E., Cruz-Motta J., Farina O., Bastidas C. (2008): Anthropogenic influences on heavy metals across marine habitats in the Western coast of Venezuela. Continental Shelf Research, 28: 2757-2766. Go to original source...
    8. Ghrefat H., Abu-Rukah Y., Rosen M. (2011): Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Kafrain dam, Jordan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 178: 95-109. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. González H., Brügmann L. (1991): Heavy metals in littoral deposits of Havana City, Cuba. Chemistry and Ecology, 5: 171-179. Go to original source...
    10. Gonzalez-Macias C., Schifter I., Lluch-Cota D., MendezRodriguez L., Hernandez-Vazquez S. (2006): Distribution, enrichment and accumulation of heavy metals in coastal sediments of Salina Cruz bay, Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 118: 211-230. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Hakanson L. (1980): An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14: 975-1001. Go to original source...
    12. Ismail A., Naji A. (2011): Assessment of metals contamination in Klang river surface sediments by using different indexes. Environment Asia, 4: 30-38.
    13. Karbassi A., Monavari S., Bidhendi G.R.N., Nouri J., Nematpour K. (2008): Metal pollution assessment of sediment and water in the Shur River. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 147: 107-116. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Kazemi A., Bakhtiari A.R., Kheirabadi N., Barani H., Haidari B. (2012): Distribution patterns of metals contamination in sediments based on type regional development on the intertidal coastal zones of the Persian Gulf, Iran. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 88: 100-103. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Khuzestani R.B., Souri B. (2013): Evaluation of heavy metal contamination hazards in nuisance dust particles, in Kurdistan Province, Western Iran. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25: 1346-1354. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Krauskopf K.B., Bird D.K. (1967): Introduction to Geochemistry. McGraw-Hill, New York.
    17. Kumar G., Kumar M., Ramanathan A.L. (2015): Assessment of heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments in the mangrove ecosystem of Gulf of Kachchh, West Coast of India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74: 545-556. Go to original source...
    18. MacDonald D.D., Ingersoll C.G., Berger T. (2000): Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 39: 20-31. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. MacFarlane G.R., Koller C.E., Blomberg S.P. (2007): Accumulation and partitioning of heavy metals in mangroves: a synthesis of field-based studies. Chemosphere, 69: 1454-1464. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Monikh F.A., Safahieh A., Savari A., Doraghi A. (2013): Heavy Metal concentration in sediment, benthic, benthopelagic, and pelagic fish species from Musa Estuary (Persian Gulf) . Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185: 215-222. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Moopam (1999): Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment. Kuwait, ROPME.
    22. Muller G. (1969): Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine river. Geo Journal, 2: 108-118.
    23. Neinavaz E., Karami M., Danehkar A. (2011): Investigation of great egret (Casmerodius albus) breeding success in Hara Biosphere Reserve of Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 179: 301-307. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Nowrouzi M., Pourkhabbaz A., Rezaei M. (2012): Bioaccumulation and distribution of metals in sediments and Avicennia marina tissues in the Hara Biosphere Reserve, Iran. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 89: 799-804. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Parvaresh H., Abedi Z., Farshchi P., Karami M., Khorasani N., Karbassi A. (2011): Bioavailability and Concentration of heavy metals in the sediments and leaves of grey mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh, in Sirik Azini creek, Iran. Biological Trace Element Research, 143: 1121-1130. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Paul S.K. (2001): Geochemistry of bottom sediments from a river-estuary-shelf mixing zone on the tropical Southwest coast of India. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, 52: 371-382. Go to original source...
    27. Rae J. (1997): Trace metals in deposited intertidal sediments. Biogeochemistry of Intertidal Sediments, 9: 16-41. Go to original source...
    28. Safahieh A., Abdolahpur Monikh F., Savari A. (2011): Heavy metals contamination in sediment and sole fish (Euryglossa orientalis) from Musa Estuary (Persian Gulf) . World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 3: 290-297.
    29. Selvaraj K., Mohan V.R., Szefer P. (2004): Evaluation of metal contamination in coastal sediments of the Bay of Bengal, India: geochemical and statistical approaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49: 174-185. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Turekian K.K., Wedepohl K.H. (1961): Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72: 175-192. Go to original source...
    31. Udechukwu B.E., Ismail A., Zulkifli S.Z., Omar H. (2015): Distribution, mobility, and pollution assessment of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Fe in intertidal surface sediments of Sg. Puloh Mangrove Estuary, Malaysia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22: 4242-4255. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Wang W., Qin Y., Song D., Wang K. (2008): Column leaching of coal and its combustion residues, Shizuishan, China. International Journal of Coal Geology, 75: 81-87. Go to original source...
    33. Wang Y., Qiu Q., Xin G., Yang Z., Zheng J., Ye Z., Li S. (2013): Heavy metal contamination in a vulnerable mangrove swamp in South China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185: 5775-5787. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Zarei I., Pourkhabbaz A., Khuzestani R.B. (2014): An assessment of metal contamination risk in sediments of Hara Biosphere Reserve, Southern Iran with a focus on application of pollution indicators. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186: 6047-6060. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Zhao L., You W., Hu H., Hong W., Liao X., Xiao S., Wang R., Cai J., Fan X., Tan Y., He D. (2015): Spatial Distribution of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd) in sediments of a coastal wetlands in Eastern Fujian, China. Journal of Forestry Research, 26: 703-710. Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content