Soil and Water Research, 2009 (vol. 4), Special Issue 2
Introduction to Special Issue on Hydrology of a Small Basin
M. Tesař, Ľ. Lichner, M. Šír, M. Krejča
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S1-S5 | DOI: 10.17221/474-SWR 
Hydrological processes in the subsurface investigated by water isotopes and silica
Martin ŠANDA, Alena KULASOVÁ, Milena CÍSLEROVÁ
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S83-S92 | DOI: 10.17221/472-SWR
The hillslope rainfall-outflow interactions, groundwater fluxes, and hydrological balance were examined in the small mountainous headwater catchment Uhlířská, the Jizera Mountains, the Czech Republic. The hillslope soil profile is formed by paleozoic crystalline bedrock overlaid by shallow highly permeable shallow Cambisol, and by thick saturated glacial deposits in the valley, overlaid by Histosol. A quick communication of the vadose zone with the granitic bedrock via preferential subsurface flowpaths is hypothesised, in agreement with the observation of storm-caused instant water transformation to outflow through the permeable Cambisol. A quick response...
The comparison of water and matter flows in three small catchments in the Šumava Mountains
Jan PROCHÁZKA, Jakub BROM, Libor PECHAR
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S75-S82 | DOI: 10.17221/481-SWR
The comparisons of water and matter flows have been evaluated in three small catchments with different land uses in the Šumava Mountains in the south-west of the Czech Republic since 1999. The catchment of the Mlýnský stream was artificially drained, the areas of the catchment retaining the character of drained, semi‑intensive pasture. The catchment of the Horský stream is covered with forest, mowed meadows, and locations with natural succession (wetlands). The catchment of the Bukový stream is covered with forest, mostly with spruce monoculture. The highest amount of water was discharged from the drained Mlýnský catchment whereas the amounts...
Evaluation of monitoring on Modrava catchments
Jiří PAVLÁSEK, Jana ŘEDINOVÁ, Petra SKALSKÁ
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S66-S74 | DOI: 10.17221/475-SWR
In this paper is presented the comparison of the selected hydrometeorological data from two experimental micro-scale catchments Modrava 1 (0.1 km2) and Modrava 2 (0.17 km2) in upper parts of Bohemian Forest. These catchments differ mainly in the vegetation cover - a dead forest with very young trees (Modrava 1) and primary forest clearings with 10 to 15-year old young forest (Modrava 2). For comparison were used the data monitored close to the catchments outlets during the hydrological year 2007. Average hourly rainfall and runoff data were analysed. During the winter season, snow water equivalents were measured and the maximum...
Retention curves of soil from the liz experimental catchment obtained by three methods
Michal SNĚHOTA, Matej DUBOVEC, Michal DOHNAL, Milena CÍSLEROVÁ
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S6-S13 | DOI: 10.17221/482-SWR
The retention curves were measured in the soil from the Liz experimental catchment (Šumava). The sand table and pressure extractor methods were used to obtain a 13-point retention curve for undisturbed soil samples taken from 6 depths. The data points of the individual retention curves were fitted in with the analytical expression of and the reference retention curves were calculated for each depth by scaling. For the same soil, the retention curves were estimated by the artificial neural network method by and the use of the empirical Pedotransfer function. The numerical experiment, which represented the infiltration and redistribution processes, was...
Long-term effect of forest renewal on the water regime in the small experimental watershed Červík
Milan BÍBA, Zuzana OCEÁNSKÁ, Zdeněk VÍCHA, Milan JAŘABÁČ
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S59-S65 | DOI: 10.17221/1367-SWR
The small, fully forested watershed Červík (CE) is situated in the part of the Beskydy Mts called the Zadní hory Mts Since November 1953, water balance has been measured in this place with the goal to find out experimentally the changes of the outflow sums during and after the intensive renewal of the forest with a partly changed wood species composition. The measured data were statistically evaluated by the method of double mass curve. In 1962, the decision was made to divide the watershed area into two separate parts A and B. The research started there in 1966 after a twelve-year long calibration period without timber cutting. The stands in the sub-watershed...
Evaluation of functional properties of various types of vegetation cover using remotely sensed data analysis
Jakub BROM, Jan PROCHÁZKA, Alžběta REJŠKOVÁ
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S49-S58 | DOI: 10.17221/480-SWR
The dissipation of solar energy and consequently the formation of the hydrological cycle are largely dependent on the structural and optical characteristics of the land surface. In our study, we selected seven units with different types of vegetation in the Mlýnský and Horský catchments (South-Eastern part of the Šumava Mountains, Czech Republic) for the assessment of the differences in their functioning expressed through the surface temperature, humidity, and energy dissipation. For our analyses, we used Landsat 5 TM satellite data from June 25th, 2008. The results showed that the microclimatic characteristics and energy fluxes varied in...
The actual consumption of water by selected cultivated and weed species of plants and the actual values of evapotranspiration of the stands as determined under field conditions
Jan PIVEC, Václav BRANT
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S39-S48 | DOI: 10.17221/476-SWR
In the years 2005 to 2008, the consumption of water by selected cultivated and weed species under the field conditions and the values of the actual evapotranspiration in selected stands of cultivated crops were evaluated. The values of the transpiration flow were measured with a T4.2 EMS Brno (CZ) 12 channel sap-flow meter, and the actual evapotranspiration by BREB method (Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance) using the equipment of the same firm. The recording of the values obtained during the measurements was carried out in 10-min intervals. The sap flow was measured on the following weed plants Amaranthus retroflexus, Artemisia vulgaris, Cirsium...
Development of vaporization process from young stands of Norway Spruce and European Beech after snow breakage
Petr KANTOR, František ŠACH, Zdeněk KARL, Vladimír ČERNOHOUS
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S28-S38 | DOI: 10.17221/478-SWR
The extreme disturbance of the forest environment in the young experimental spruce stand in the Orlické Hory Mts after the snow breakage disaster in the winter of 2005/2006 became the impulse for the present study. 98% spruce trees were affected, the stand density decreased from 1550 to 950 trees per ha, the needle foliage of the stand was reduced to about 40%, and the stand canopy was markedly disturbed. The investigation consisted of two methodical procedures: the assessment of evapotranspiration of the forest stands (ET) based on continuous measuring of the water content in the root zone of the soil profile, and intermittent measuring of evaporation...
Numerical analysis of ponded infiltration experiment under different experimental conditions
Jaromír DUŠEK, Michal DOHNAL, Tomáš VOGEL
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S22-S27 | DOI: 10.17221/1368-SWR
One of the most important properties, affecting the flow regime in the soil profile, is the topsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). The laboratory-determined Ks often fails to characterise properly the respective field value; the Ks lab estimation requires labour intensive sampling and fixing procedures, difficult to follow in highly structured and stony soils. Thus, simple single- or double-ring ponded infiltration experiments are frequently performed in situ to obtain the field scale information required. In the present study, several important factors, affecting the infiltration rate during...
Variability of saturated hydraulic conductivities in the agriculturallycultivated soils
Vlasta ŠTEKAUEROVÁ, Vladimír MIKULEC
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S14-S21 | DOI: 10.17221/477-SWR
The knowledge of the moisture conditions in a variably saturated zone of soil and their management is one of the main possibilities that allow the agronomists to raise significantly the fertility of soils. A progressive scientific method for describing the moisture conditions in a variably saturated zone uses a numerical simulation on a mathematical model. The accuracy of the outputs from the model (i.e. moisture profiles) depends mainly, besides the physical and mathematical structures of the model, on the accuracy of the input data. The upper boundary condition comprises the climate and phenological parameters. The initial condition is represented...
The influence of irrigation on nitrates movement in soil and risk of subsoil contamination
Katarína NOVÁKOVÁ, Dušan NÁGEL
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S131-S136 | DOI: 10.17221/483-SWR
This paper presents the results of the nitrates movement monitoring under the conditions of field experiment, with different fertilisation doses applications, with and without irrigation and, for different crops. The experiments were conducted at the Experimental Station of the Hydromelioracie, State Entp., at Most pri Bratislave site, south Slovakia. The soil at the site is mainly clay loam with a high retention capacity and a relatively low hydraulic conductivity. The results of the nitrates measurements in the soil profile during the vegetation period and those of lysimetric water analysis have shown that the movements of nitrates in irrigated and...
Soluble and insoluble pollutants in fog and rime water samples
Jaroslav FIŠÁK, Valeria STOYANOVA, Pavel CHALOUPECKÝ, Daniela ŘEZÁČOVÁ, Tsenka TSACHEVA, Temenujka KUPENOVA, Miko MARINOV
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S123-S130 | DOI: 10.17221/473-SWR
Fog and rime water samples were collected at the meteorological observatory Milešovka in February and June 2006. In the samples, the soluble and insoluble pollutant concentrations were evaluated separately and the differences between the fog and rime water samples were studied. The comparison of the fog and rime water samples indicates that the mean soluble component concentrations in the air appear to be higher during the rime events than during the fog events at Milešovka. We recorded a larger mean particle size of the insoluble compounds in the fog water samples than in those of rime water. Some elements contained in the insoluble particles like...
Assessment of evapotranspiration simulations in the Malše basin
Romana KOŠKOVÁ, Soňa NĚMEČKOVÁ
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S111-S122 | DOI: 10.17221/479-SWR
The application of the distributed hydrological model brings the benefits of assessment of the spatially distributed quantities which are hard to measure in the field over a larger area, e.g. evapotranspiration. The Malše River basin has been chosen for the evaluation of evapotranspiration simulation by the distributed hydrological model, SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model). The primary interest in this analysis was to assess the ability of the hydrological model to simulate the actual evapotranspiration on larger scales and to evaluate its dependence on the landscape characteristics such as the vegetation cover, soil type, and average precipitation...
The influence of temporal rainfall distribution in the flood runoff modelling
Petr MÁCA, Paul TORFS
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S102-S110 | DOI: 10.17221/471-SWR
The rainfall input is one of the main factors influencing the magnitude of the runoff response during a flood event. Its temporal and spatial distribution significantly contributes to the formation of hydrograph shape, peak discharge and flood volume. A novel approach to the evaluation of the role of the temporal rainfall pattern of hydrograph is presented in this contribution. The methodology shown is based on the coupling of the deterministic event based runoff model with the stochastic rainfall disaggregation model. The rainfall model simulates the hyetograph ensemble, which is the direct input to the calibrated event based runoff model. The event...
Variability of water regime in the forested experimental catchments
Josef BUCHTELE, Miroslav TESAŘ, Pavel KRÁM
Soil & Water Res., 2009, 4(10):S93-S101 | DOI: 10.17221/1366-SWR
The water regime variability in most catchments is frequently influenced not only by the changes of the vegetation cover in the annual cycle but also by its development in the time span of decades. That means that the resulting evapotranspiration depends not only on the actual climatic situation but also on the soil moisture. The simulations of the rainfall-runoff process have been used with the intention to follow the possible role of the developing land cover. The differences between the observed and simulated flows in relatively long periods can be considered as an appropriate tool for the assessment of the water regime changes, in which the evapotranspiration...